Similarly, pregnant women who received nutrition and health counseling from health professionals had a significant association with optimal nutrition and health knowledge. This was supported by the study done in Eastern Ethiopia.61 The likely reason for this could be that since clients perceive health professionals as highly credible sources of information, their reinforcement is an important aspect of nutrition and health compliance. The sample size was calculated using single population proportion formula.
For a participant with a response of “no opinion”, we exclude the question from the summing of the overall score for the participant. Obstetric characteristics of pregnant mothers in public hospitals of Kaffa zone, Southern Ethiopia, from 10 August to 10 September 2021. The sociodemographic characteristics of pregnant mothers in public hospitals of Kaffa zone, Southern Ethiopia, from 10 August to 10 September 2021.
Pregnant women from rich households were more likely to have good knowledge of optimal nutrition and health than those from poor households. Contrary to this, pregnant women from middle- or upper-wealth families were less likely to have a favorable attitude than those from low-wealth families. For a possible explanation, we might need further studies, especially qualitative and other analytical research, which is recommended. Few studies on nutrition knowledge, attitudes and practice have been conducted in Ethiopia, particularly in the southern part of the country.
- Suboptimal dietary and health practices among pregnant women in Ethiopia have been documented.33–36 This might be because there are difficulties putting nutritional and health advice into reality because of the knowledge, attitude, and cultural norms that exist in a given society.
- Exposure to rabid animal can be eliminated at source through sustained mass vaccination of reservoir populations 3, 4.
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- Data were collected by trained nurses using face to face interview technique.
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In terms of protein intake during pregnancy, 178 (47.1%) of mothers were not sure (Table 4). A total of 378 women participated in our study, yielding a 100% response rate. A total of 231 (61.1%) of participants were between the ages of 25 and 34, with a mean age of 28 (SD + 0.4). More than half of the participants, 208 (55.02%), had completed secondary school, and 200 (52.91%) were housewives by occupation (Table 1). Before being entered, the data were thoroughly reviewed for accuracy and consistency throughout data gathering. Then it was entered into EPI data version 3.1 and exported to SPSS for Windows version 23 for cleaning and analysis.
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Data were collected by trained nurses using face to face interview technique. Rabies is one of the oldest viral disease caused by the species of rabies virus which belongs to the Mononegavirales order, Rhabdoviridae family and Lyssavirus genus 1. It is a single-stranded, negative-sense lyssavirus (genotype 1) with a genome size of approximately 12 kb. Rabies causes incurable viral encephalitis and it is progressively fatal 2. Pay your total bill or allocate payable amounts to selected accounts; choose between online or offline payment options, including bank transfers or credit/debit cards or generate reference numbers for offline payments.
Additional file 6: Table S5.
Among the seven sub cities, two were selected using the simple random sampling technique (lottery method), namely Kedamay weyane (with four kebelles) and Ayder (with five kebelles). Two kebelles for each sub city (total four kebelles) were selected for the study by lottery method (Fig. 1). A community based cross-sectional study was conducted from October 3, 2016 to November 29, 2016. Nearly half of the participants (198, 52.3%) had good nutritional habits. One day before admission, about 200 (52.9 %) of the participants consumed dark green leafy vegetables.
The obstetric characteristics of participants
In this study, the overall favorable attitude of pregnant women was 31.3% (Table 4). The selected kebelles were Harya and Walita from Kedamay weyane sub city and Gunibet 20 and Seritse from Ayder sub city. Therefore, the total sample size was proportionally allocated to the four kebelles based on 6 months living in the kebelles (Fig. 1). List of the households or each kebelles were found from the respective sub city administrative. The first household was selected randomly between 1 and 13 using lottery method, then the first household to be included in the sample was the fifth household, then every 13th households was selected.
Globally, rabies causes more than 61,000 human deaths 5 and around 15 million dog bite victims receive post exposure prophylaxis every year 6. Asia and Africa are the countries where more than 95% of the rabies mediated human deaths occur and 43% of the death occurred in Africa 7, 8. Estimates of human mortality due to endemic canine rabies in Asia and Africa annually exceed 31,000 and 24,000 respectively 9. Human Rabies usually transmitted in saliva from a rabid animal bite or scratch. Following the bite the virus replicates in the muscle and travels up the central nervous system which causes infection of the brain (encephalitis).
- In Tigray region, like the other areas of Ethiopia, there are a number of home and street dogs.
- This study showed that more than half of the study participants had good knowledge, attitude and practice about rabies.
- This study also differs from the other studies in that it incorporates both nutritional and health aspects of pregnant women related to knowledge and attitude one at a time, rather than other studies that focus only on nutritional aspects.
- The purpose of this study was to assess pregnant women’s nutrition knowledge, attitudes and practices, as well as the factors that affect them.
Study Setting and Period
Also, we would like to thank all the authors who gave us their published works so that we could evaluate the literature. Finally, we’d like to express our gratitude to the study participants who voluntarily participated in the research. A pre-tested, English-language, semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect the data.
Additional file 8: Table S7.
The results of the study could be used as input for health and nutrition policymakers in order to build evidence-based and effective intervention strategies to improve nutrition and health behaviors and, therefore, nutritional status and birth outcomes. Like knowledge, more than two-thirds of the pregnant women had an unfavorable attitude towards nutrition and health. This implies that health care providers, including health extension workers, community health agents, and planners, should work to change the attitudes of pregnant women. Three hundred twenty-five respondents (43.3%) were well-informed about eating more frequently and increasing portion size as gestational age increased. Five hundred and sixteen of the sampled pregnant women (68% of the total) had good awareness of the variety of diets (of both plant and animal origin) that can be consumed while pregnant. Likewise, 241 (32.1%) of the survey respondents had good awareness of issues pertaining to iron coinsmart review and folate tablets.
In the present study, the odds of nutrition and health knowledge among multiparous women were higher than those among nulliparous women. This finding is congruent with a previous study conducted in an urban community in Ghana and a rural community in Punjab.53,60 Multiparous mothers are repeatedly exposed to nutrition and health information throughout antenatal follow-up, compared to nulliparous women. As shown in Table 4, for each subtheme of nutrition and health-related questions during pregnancy, about 108 (14.4%), 192 (25.6%), 422 (56.3%), 276 (36.8%), and 308 (41.1%) pregnant women had a favorable attitude, respectively.
A 95% confidence level (CI) and a 5% margin of error were used as assumptions. We are extremely grateful to Jimma University for arranging transportation for the researchers and data collectors. The West Shoa zone and Ambo district staff, as well as the supervisor and data collectors who worked diligently during the study period, are also acknowledged by the authors for allowing the study to take place.
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